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2024, 02, No.184 145-159
20世纪初期西方汉学家关于《方氏墨谱》“函三为一”的诠释与争论
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发布时间: 2024-04-10
出版时间: 2024-04-10
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摘要:

20世纪初期,西方汉学界发生了一场关于《方氏墨谱》中一幅题为“函三为一”插图的广泛争论。翟理斯认为插图的主题为“三位一体”,图中人物分别为耶稣基督和两位景教牧师;劳费尔、夏德、庄延龄、马伯乐、沃纳等人认为插图主题为“三教合一”,图中人物分别为孔子、老子和佛陀。中国学者黄伯禄也参与其中,并带来了具有相当解释力的材料和观点。这场争论虽然并未形成关于景教东传另一历史遗迹的共识,但最终推进了西方汉学界关于中国古代宗教与哲学核心问题的理解。它在一定程度上展现了20世纪初期中西文明交流互鉴的历史面貌,也揭示了此时处在发展转型过程中的西方汉学所具有的鲜明阶段特征,理应成为汉学发展学术史和中西文明互鉴史上值得重视的一页。

Abstract:

In the early 20th century, there was a widespread debate in the Western Sinology community on an illustration titled “Three in one”(函三为一) in Fang Shi Mo Pu(《方式墨谱》). Herbert Allen Giles believed that the theme of the illustration was “Trinity”, the three figures in the illustration were Jesus Christ and two Nestorian priests; while Berthold Laufer, Friedrich Hirth, Edward Harper Parker, Henri Maspero, Edward Theodore Chalmers Werner and others believed that the theme of the illustration was “the unity of three religions”(三教合一), and the three figures in the illustration were Confucius, Laozi and Buddha. Huang Bolu(黄伯禄), a Chinese scholar, also participated in this debate with convincing viewpoints and materials. Though this debate could not form a consensus on another historical relic of the eastward transmission of Nestorianism, finally it has advanced the understanding of the core issues of ancient Chinese religion and philosophy in the Western Sinology community. This debate is noteworthy in history, as it has not only revealed the evident characteristics of the Western Sinology at that time, which was in a process of development and transformation, but also showed the breadth and depth of the exchanges and mutual learning between Chinese and Western Civilization to some extent.

参考文献

(1)叶蕾蕾:《传教士与传教碑——〈大秦景教碑〉之美国接受史》,《世界宗教研究》2020年第3期。

(2)Giles, Herbert Allen(1905), An introduction to the history of Chinese pictorial art, Shanghai:Keloy&Walsh, ld, p. 37.

(1)(2)Giles, Herbert Allen(1905), An introduction to the history of Chinese pictorial art, Preface, p. VII, p. 40.

(3)方于鲁编:《方氏墨谱》卷三,万历十六年方氏美荫堂刊本,第2页。关于《方氏墨谱》的研究,参见梅娜芳:《墨的艺术:〈方氏墨谱〉和〈程氏墨苑〉》,广西美术出版社,2012年。

(4)“Notes”, The Times Literary Supplement, no. 172, 28 Apr. 1905, p. 139.

(5)吴道子:《先师孔子行教像》,参见云南孔子学术研究会编:《孔学研究》第二十一辑,云南人民出版社,2015年,第2页。

(6)“Chinese Art”, The Times Literary Supplement, No. 187, 11 Aug. 1905.

(1)Berthold Laufer,“An Alleged Picture of Christ in China”, The evening post, September 16, 1905, p.7.

(2)(4)Berthold Laufer,“An Alleged Picture of Christ in China”, p. 7.

(3)《国华》(日语名:Kokka,英文名:Flower of the Nation)为日本著名艺术期刊,创于1889年,创始人为明治时期著名学者冈仓觉三(1863—1913)。狩野正信(1434—1530)为日本室町时代的书画家,狩野派创始人。劳费尔提到的狩野正信的论著,参见《国华》编辑委员会编:《狩野正信笔三圣之书》,《国华》1.4,国华出版社,1889年,第8—9页。本文中《正信笔三圣图》来自《国华》第1卷第4号,第10—11页中间插图。

(1)Friedrich Hirth(1905), Scraps from a Collector’s Note Book:Being Notes on Some Chinese Painters of the Present Dynasty, with Appendices on Some Old Masters and Art Historians, Leiden:Formerly E.J. Brill.

(2)Friedrich Hirth(1905), Scraps from a Collector’s Note Book, pp. 67-69.

(3)(4)(5)Giles, Herbert Allen,“Art Thou the Christ”, Adversaria Sinica, No.2, Shanghai:Messrs. Kelly&Walsh, ltd, 1906,pp. 27-44, p. 31, p. 36.

(1)图4、5、6全部来自翟理斯的著作,参见Giles, Herbert Allen,“Art Thou the Christ”, pp. 33-35.

(2)(3)Giles, Herbert Allen,“Art Thou the Christ”, pp. 34-36, p. 37.

(1)翟文:黄钟子律也子数一泰极元气含三为一是以一数变而为三也,译文:The Yellow Bell is the tz?pitchpipe(i.e., it corresponds to the first of the twelve cyclical支Branches). The number belonging to tz?is one. Primeval ether which constituted the Absolute contained three in one; and so it was that the one underwent transformation, and became three。班固撰,吕祖谦编纂,周天游导读:《汉书详节》,上海世纪出版集团,2007年,第70页。孟康评注原文为“含三为一”,翟理斯依据《康熙字典》,指出“含”通“函”。

(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)Giles, Herbert Allen,“Art Thou the Christ”, p. 38, p. 38, p. 39, pp. 39-40, p. 41, pp. 41-42.

(1)翟理斯认为王通在感叹唐朝的宗教力量并没有集中到一起,而是分散在不同的方向(程元曰:“三教何如?”子曰:“政恶多门久矣。”)

(2)为“三正之有失故立三教”(理雅各译文:it was because of the failure of the san chêng that the san chiao were established)。Giles, Herbert Allen,“Art Thou the Christ”, p. 43.

(3)Giles, Herbert Allen,“Art Thou the Christ”, p. 44.《齐东野语》卷一二《三教图赞》云:“理宗朝,有待诏马远画《三教图》。黄面老子则跏趺中坐,犹龙翁(指释伽牟尼)俨立于旁,吾夫子乃作礼于前。”周密:《齐东野语》,张茂鹏点校,中华书局,1983年,第222页。《尧山堂外纪》同样记载了《三教图》,但内容与《齐东野语》不同,原文为“马远尝画《三教图》,释迦中坐,老子俨立于旁,孔子乃作礼于前”。参见蒋一葵:《尧山堂外纪》,吕景琳点校,中华书局,2019年,第1005页。

(4)Giles, Herbert Allen,“Art Thou the Christ”, p. 44.

(5)相较于劳费尔和夏德,庄延龄与翟理斯的关系更为复杂,这次争论也不是两人首次交锋。早在19世纪晚期西方汉学界发生的那场关于《道德经》真伪的大论战中,庄延龄就与翟理斯观点相左,并对翟理斯非常不满,以至于在这封信中仍指责翟理斯对老子和《道德经》的攻击是“奇怪而凶险”的。关于这场论战中庄延龄的态度和观点,参见章坦妮:《汉学家庄延龄的道家思想研究》,《澳门理工学报》2015年第3期。

(6)E. H. Parker(1907),“Professor Herbert Giles and the Nestorian ‘Spooks’,” The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review, Third Series, vol. 24, No. 47&48, Woking:Oriental Institute, pp. 175-176.

(1)E. H. Parker,“Professor Herbert Giles and the Nestorian ‘Spooks’,” p. 175.

(2)《方氏墨谱》的绘图者主要有丁云鹏、吴廷羽、俞仲康等人,《程氏墨苑》的绘图者主要有丁云鹏、吴廷羽等人。

(3)程君房编:《程氏墨苑》卷六,万历三十三年滋兰堂刊本,第11页。

(4)E. H. Parker(1910), Studies in Chinese Religions, London:Chapman and Hall, P. 62.

(5)E. H. Parker(1907),“The ‘Nestorians’ Once More”, T’oung Pao, Second Series, Vol. 8, No. 5, Leiden:E. J. Brill, p. 687.

(6)有关庄延龄与黄伯禄的交往,参见李强:《黄伯禄与英国汉学家庄延龄中国宗教研究著作关系考析》,《国际汉学》2019年第2期。

(1)契嵩原文为“古之有圣人焉,曰佛,曰儒,曰百家,心则一,其迹则异。夫一焉者,其皆欲人为善者也;异焉者,分家而各为其教者也”。参见契嵩:《镡津文集》,钟东、江晦点校,上海古籍出版社,2016年,第46页。此段中“三教合一”为笔者译文,黄伯禄神父采用的原文不得而知。

(2)乾隆九年六月的谕旨原文如下:“甲寅礼部议奏河南学政右通政林枝春奏豫省标立三教名目,立堂设像至五百九十余处,使万世之师屈居释道之下,举事不经,诬民实甚,竞施耗产,以蔑典常,请敕该抚严行禁止。应如所请,并令查明通省书院义学,宜于安奉圣像处渐次奉迎安设。僧道酌令迁于别寺观居住,其佛老诸像亦听其移奉,并移知各省一体禁止从之。”王先谦撰:《东华续录》卷一九,清光绪十年长沙王氏刻本,第356页;道光十六年七月的谕旨原文如下:“秋七月壬午朔谕,汪振基奏山西省寿阳等县均有三教庙,至圣先师孔子与佛老同庙供奉,与祀典不符,着申启贤通饬各属即行更正。其各省有似此同庙供奉之处,着各该督抚一律更正,以崇正学。”参见王先谦撰:《东华续录》卷三四,清光绪十年长沙王氏刻本,第464页。值得注意的是,庄延龄指出,黄伯禄将“河南”写成了江西(庄延龄推测这个错误可能是由黄伯禄的助手所犯),并指出这样的错误明显是由对“豫”的误解产生的。庄延龄解释道,豫取自豫章,由长江北徙至江南。豫章指代江西,但是豫省则指河南。庄延龄认为沙畹翻译的卓越的《史记》译本也混淆了豫章的地名,经常把江西译为河南,甚至湖北。以上讨论参见E. H. Parker,“The ‘Nestorians’ Once More”, p. 691.

(3)E. H. Parker,“The ‘Nestorians’ Once More”, pp. 687-689.

(4)E. H. Parker,“The ‘Nestorians’ Once More”, p. 691.关于《答竟陵王启》,参见僧佑:《弘明集》,刘立夫、胡勇译注,中华书局,2011年,第753页。

(5)Giles, Herbert Allen,“Art Thou the Christ[Continued from p. 44.]”, Adversaria Sinica, No.7, Shanghai:Messrs. Kelly&Walsh, ltd, 1909, pp. 217-218.

(1)H. Maspero(1909),“Reviewed Work(s):Adversaria Sinica, no. 2-7”, Bulletin de l’école fran?aise d’Extrême-Orient, Vol. 9,No. 3, Hanoi:Imprimerie d’Extrême-Orient, pp. 593-600.

(2)H. Maspero,“Reviewed Work(s):Adversaria sinica, no. 2-7”, pp. 599-600.

(3)Giles, Herbert Allen(1918), An Introduction to the History of Chinese Pictorial Art, London:Bernard Quaritch, 1918, pp. 42-44.

(4)庄延龄很早就注意到《神仙通鉴》中孔子、老子、佛陀的插图,并以此作为反对翟理斯的证据,但在当时,《神仙通鉴》并未引起翟理斯的注意,翟理斯甚至都没有回应。E. H. Parker,“The ‘Nestorians’ Once More”, p. 692.从沃纳的言论可知,他对自己参考的《神仙通鉴》显然不够了解,他对于《神仙通鉴》作者的表述仍然沿袭了伟烈亚力撰写的《中国文献札记》中的错误记载,认为其作者为薛大训。虽然薛大训确实编纂过《历代神仙通鉴》,但记载耶稣传记的《神仙通鉴》的作者为徐道和程毓齐,与薛大训编纂的《历代神仙通鉴》的内容完全不同。关于伟烈亚力对此书的记载,参见A. Wyli(1867),Notes on Chinese Literature, Shanghai:American Presbyterial Mission Press. London:Trübern&Co.60.Paternoster Row, pp.178-179. 19世纪下半叶德国汉学家、《中国评论》的编辑欧德理同样混淆了这两本书,误将《四库全书总目》评价的薛大训编纂的《历代神仙通鉴》当作徐道和程毓齐编纂的《神仙通鉴》。参看Eitel,“The Literary Value of Shin-Sien-T’ungKeen”, China Review, Vol, 5, no.1, 1876, pp. 71-72. E. T. C. Werner,“Christ in the ‘Li Tai Shen Hsien T'ung Chien”, Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol, LII, Shanghai:Kelly C&Walsh, Limited, 1921, pp. 186-191.

(1)E. T. C. Werner,“Christ in the ‘Li Tai Shen Hsien T’ung Chien’”, pp. 189-190.

(1)(2)E. T. C. WERNER,“Christ in the ‘Li Tai Shen Hsien T’ung Chien’”, p. 191, p. 191.

(3)(4)(5)H. A. Giles,“Christ in the ‘Li Tai Shen Hsien T'ung Chien”, Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol, LIII, Shanghai:Kelly C&Walsh, Limited, 1922, pp. 238-240, pp. 238-239, pp. 239-240.

(6)E. T. C. Werner,“Christ in the ‘Li Tai Shen Hsien T’ung Chien’”, Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol, LII, Shanghai:Kelly C&Walsh, Limited, 1921, pp. 241-242.

(1)(2)E. T. C. Werner,“Mr. Werner’s Replay”, pp. 244-245, p.245.

(3)此处所指两次影响较大的争论分别为前文所述的汉学家关于《道德经》真伪的争论与汉学家关于“大秦景教流行中国碑”真伪的争论。

(4)1934年,贺昌群先生说道:“其间足以为斯学生色而放大光明者,二三十年来惟三人耳。一为哥伦比亚教授夏德,二为加利佛尼亚教授阜克,三即洛佛尔氏也。”贺昌群:《文论及其他》,《贺昌群文集》第三卷,商务印书馆,2003年,第552页。

基本信息:

中图分类号:K207.8;G125;J209.2;B929

引用信息:

[1]梁栋.20世纪初期西方汉学家关于《方氏墨谱》“函三为一”的诠释与争论[J].中华文化论坛,2024,No.184(02):145-159.

发布时间:

2024-04-10

出版时间:

2024-04-10

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